Sarcopenia: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment with Physical Therapy

Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, increasing the risk of disability and falls.

Diagnosis: 

1. Muscle Strength:
Handgrip strength: <27 kg (men), <16 kg (women).
Chair stand test: Difficulty or prolonged time.

2. Muscle Mass:
DXA or BIA: Reduced skeletal muscle index.

3. Physical Performance:
Gait speed: <0.8 m/s (over 4 meters).
TUG Test: >12 seconds.

Best Physiotherapy Treatments:

1. Progressive Resistance Training (PRT):
Core intervention to increase muscle mass and strength (e.g., weightlifting).

2. Balance and Functional Exercises:
Gait training, and functional movements to prevent falls.

3. Aerobic Exercise:
Moderate-intensity (e.g., walking or cycling) to enhance endurance.

4. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES):
For patients unable to perform resistance exercises.

5. High-Protein Nutrition and Vitamin D Supplementation:
Supports muscle recovery alongside physiotherapy.